Cervical cancer affects the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. In India, it remains one of the most common cancers in women. It is important to know that cervical cancer does not develop overnight. It usually begins with a persistent infection caused by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV).
HPV is extremely common. Nearly 80% of sexually active women may acquire it at some point. In most cases, the body clears it naturally within two years. However, when high-risk strains such as HPV 16 and 18 persist, they can cause gradual cell changes that may eventually turn cancerous if not detected early.
In its early stages, cervical cancer usually has no symptoms. This is why regular screening is so important. When symptoms do appear, they may include:
By the time these symptoms appear, the disease may already be advanced, which is why prevention is far better than cure.
The HPV vaccine is designed to protect against the high-risk types of HPV that cause most cervical cancers. The 9-valent HPV vaccine protects against nine strains, including those responsible for cervical, vaginal, vulvar, anal, and even some throat cancers. It is also recommended for boys, as it helps prevent penile and other HPV-related cancers.
It is essential to know that the vaccine prevents new infections. It does not treat an existing HPV infection. That is why timing matters.
Research shows that HPV vaccination provides over 90% protection against high-risk HPV infections. Studies have demonstrated long-lasting immunity, with protection extending well beyond 10 years, and evidence suggests durable, long-term protection. It is one of the few vaccines that prevent cancer. From a public health perspective, that is remarkable.
However, even vaccinated women must continue regular Pap smear screening, because other factors can contribute to cervical cancer, such as long-term hormonal contraceptive use, multiple pregnancies, early onset of sexual activity, tobacco use, co-infections, and poor genital hygiene.
The ideal age for vaccination is 9 to 14 years, before sexual exposure. In this age group, two or three doses are given depending on age and guidelines. Catch-up vaccination is recommended up to 26 years. It is essential to note that even if a young adult has already become sexually active, vaccination can still strengthen immune protection against strains they have not yet encountered.
The best time is between 9 and 12 years of age. Earlier vaccination leads to a stronger immune response and better protection. Many parents hesitate because they feel their child is “too young.” However, it is best to consult your paediatrician to clarify any doubts.
We offer cervical cancer vaccination at our Department of Gynaecology. Counselling is an essential part of the visit. We discuss safety, side effects (usually mild soreness or low-grade fever), dosing schedule, and the continued importance of screening later in life.
Cervical cancer is largely preventable. With timely HPV vaccination and regular screening, we can significantly reduce the burden of this disease in our community. If there is one message I emphasize in every consultation, it is this: prevention today protects your daughter’s health tomorrow. Reach out to our team for cervical cancer vaccination at UMC Hospitals, Navi Mumbai.
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